Was the above-named bill, which was brought forward in 122 b.c. by the tribune M. Liuius Drusus, and provided that the Latins should under all circumstances be exempt from the penalty of scourging, duly passed by the Roman Assembly and entered upon the statute-book?

It has usually been held, on the strength of several passages in Thucydides, that the Athenian army which was besieging Syracuse in 414–413 b.c. contained a contingent of Etruscans desirous of retaliating upon the Syracusans for losses inflicted upon them in past days—e.g., in 474 at Cumae and in 453 at Elba.

Background The ideal basis of age estimation is considered to be a combination of clinical, skeletal and dental examinations. It is not easy to determine how forensic physicians take account of evidence-based data obtained from medical journals in their medical decision-making. The question of what is an ethically acceptable probability that adolescents are incorrectly considered to be over 18 has not been answered. Methods In a retrospective study over 1 year (2007), 498 files (for 141 female subjects and 357 male (...) subjects) regarding age assessment requested by the public prosecutor's office for purposes of criminal or asylum proceedings were reviewed. Chronological age was estimated from a combination of physical examination, radiographic examination of the left hand and determination of dental status. Results Estimates of chronological age in 498 subjects claiming to be 9–14 years old were incompatible with the alleged age in 356 (71%) when made by the forensic physician but in only 17 (3%) when based on data from published studies on age estimation in adolescents. Conclusions The present study suggests that in most cases the forensic physician ignores the adolescent's word. Medical mission and ethics imply a need to listen to the claims of persons in custody, whatever the risk of false claims. This situation should prompt forensic physicians to keep up with published data on estimating the age of adolescents. (shrink)

The contemporary viewpoint of many scholars is that politics and religion are two parallel discourses which never meet; or that religion is a personal matter which should not be injected into politics. Their argument for taking this stand is that the two are incongruent and therefore, it is better these are left apart. But religion is associated with morals, truthfulness, honesty and a host of moral virtues all of which are mere playthings in the hands of so-called politicians, the consequence (...) of which may affect the citizens of the country negatively. The view taken here is the relationship between religion and politics has become symmetrically impossible to divorce one from the other. More importantly, the paper brings the democratic contribution of the Prophet Mohammed towards establishing a just and equitable society through his activities and the Medina Constitution, drafted during his time. Attention is given to the democratic administration of the successors of the Prophet with a view to establishing the fact that if Islam is practiced in its truest form, there are democratic values to be found in it. And if such Islamic virtues are made use of, they can not only sustain democracy, but also improve on it. (shrink)

Des Geistes Gleichmass. Festschrift zum 75. Geburtstag des Ehrwürdigen Nyanaponika Mahathera. Verlag Christiani, Konstanz, 1976. 203 pp. Portrait.

The actuality is presentd the conditions for solving informational society’s problems that require use of informational method or approach, because the information society is the theory and practice of solving the informatization problems of society aimed at solving the problems of influence of informatization on society’s development. The main goal of the article is the conceptualization of informational society’s ideas, that create a new philosophy of society which acts as an ideology of modern thinking. The objectives of the study are (...) to identify problems that impede development of the information society as integrity in context of the present global processes and find ways to optimize the information society from individual to state-building levels. Methodology is in theusing the informational method that allows to investigate influence of informatization processes on human and society development, and analyze problems of information society - informatization, information culture, virtualization, social and communication structures as basis of information society, peculiarities of processes of society’s intellectualization and Internet communications. The result of the study is an information society as a qualitatively new state of civilization is a progressive development of civilization, in accordance to its scientific and technical achievements demonstrates the high threshold, to which all advanced advanced states seek. After all, information culture, information ideology and information philosophy can achieve such successes, to reach the threshold of development in conditions of information revolution that absorbed all developed countries of the world. As a result of the analysis, scientific and methodological approaches to solution of problems of the information society's technologization have been formed in order to overcome the biggest obstacles connected with the informatization of society and the lack of information. Nowadays, the Internet forms the informatiological basis of society through information of the Internet network and owing to the Internet. The scientific novelty of the research is in opening the laws of information society, which allow a modern man to survive within the framework of formation the modern thinking and conceptually rebuild the world in which a person lived before. Conclusion - justification of methodological principles of solving problems of information societies, based on intellectualization of labor citizens, development of human capacity, obtaining additional value through intellectualization. (shrink)

It appears to be a generally accepted opinion among modern historians that the expedition which the Athenians led up-Nile in 459 B.C. in support of the Egyptian insurrection against Persia was an exceptionally large one, numbering no less than 200 sail. Modern authors also seem to imply, though they may not say so explicitly, that the whole of this armada was involved in the catastrophe which overtook the rebels in 454 B.C.

The Old Testament furnishes its readers with two pictures of Christ’s coming: his coming to earth as a servant in glorious apparel and his coming to earth as a king in glorious apparel. This has brought about bewilderment both to the Jews who expected only the kingly and glorious Christ and the 21st century Christian who are being misled by some preachers and teachers of the Gospel of Christ. The objective of this paper, therefore, is to unearth two forms of (...) Christ’s second coming: a secret coming – as a thief in the night, and public, universal coming, when every eye shall see him. Therefore through lexicosemantics analysis which reveals, its root-words and word-stems and the various possible semantic categories created by the human mind, this paper claims that the secret coming of Christ is what is called the rapture and the public coming is called the παρουσία. It conveys the idea that Christ’s return will be a definite and decisive action on his part. He will come himself, as surely as he came in the incarnation. (shrink)

The text of the lately discovered fragment of Antiphon's last and greatest speech, as restored by Professor Nicole, has been used by its editor to sanction some novel theories regarding the orator's public career.

Confusions about the place of race in medicine result in part from a failure to recognize the plurality of race concepts. Recognition that the ordinary concept of race is not identical to the racialist concept of race makes it possible to ask whether there might be a legitimate place for the deployment of concepts of race in medical contexts. Two technical race concepts are considered. The concept of social race is the concept of a social group that is taken to (...) be a racialist race. It is apt for use in examining and addressing the medical effects of discrimination. The populationist concept of race represents race as a kind of biological population. It makes it possible to frame the question whether biological race is a factor in disease susceptibility and drug responsiveness. It is apt for use in determining whether biological race is a medically significant category. (shrink)

The rule that one must obtain informed consent is well established in medical ethics and an intrinsic part of clinical practice and of research in biomedicine. However, there is a tendency that the rule today is being applied too rigidly and with too little sensitivity to the values that are at stake in connection with different kinds of research protocols. It is here argued that the quality of consent needs to be balanced against variables such as degree of confidentiality and (...) importance of values at stake, in order to be ethically acceptable. Appropriate information and consent procedures should be adjusted accordingly. Three levels are suggested, ranging from extensively informed consent with both written and oral information, through informed refusal with only a limited amount of information given to, at the other end of the scale, just making relevant information available. (shrink)

Volume 19, Issue 5, May 2019, Page 24-26.

Актуальність дослідження інформаційно-комунікацйних технологій як чинника розвитку управлінської культури обумовлена становленням інформаційного суспільства, цифрових технологій та цифрової освіти. Мета дослідження – концептуалізація інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій як чинник розвитку управлінської культури та їх вплив на розвиток культури керівника. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій, з яких започатковано розв’язання даної проблеми і на які спирається авторка. Для аналізу ми виділяємо публікації В.Андрущенка, В. Беха, Ю. Бех, В. Воронкової, О. Кивлюк, В. Нікітенко, М. Максименюк, Р. Олексенка, О. Пунченка, О. Сосніна, що дозволяють нам проникнути в (...) сутність інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій як чинника розвитку управлінської культури та підготовки управлінської еліти. Серед зарубіжних джерел виокремлено роботи М.Кастельса, Й. Масуди, О.Тоффлера, що покладено в основу аналізу інформаційного суспільства та виявлення його проблем.. Формування цілей статті: виявити сучасний стан суспільно-економічного розвитку, що характеризується небаченими темпами розбудови нового інформаційно-комунікаційного облаштування суспільства і розбудови його як інформаційного забезпечення; дослідити, що інформація і знання стали величезним багатством, нематеріальним активом розвитку націй і держав; сформувати принципи створення системи підготовки кадрового потенціалу у контексті розвитку інформаційного суспільства, до розвитку якого мають бути залучені інформаційно-комп’ютерні технології. Методологія дослідження - виокремлено загальнонаукові методи та методи конструктивної методології, що застосовуються до аналізу управлінських наук. В економічній, соціологічній, соціально-філософській літературі методи конструктивної методології є малодослідженими. Наукова новизна дослідження – у застосуванні конструктивної методології, яка свідчить про те, що управлінські науки – це науки праксеологічної спрямованості, що направлені на формування управлінської культури інформаційного суспільства. Результати дослідження. Розкрито сутність інформаційної компетентності, яку розуміють як здатність знаходити інформацію за допомогою сучасних технічних засобів, а також зберігати, переробляти і застосовувати її; проаналізовано проблеми використання інформаційного ресурсу і творчих можливостей громадян як інвестиційного ресурсу розвитку країни; розроблено практичні рекомендації удосконалення напрямів розвитку інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій як головного мегатренду інформаційного суспільства. Висновок – розроблено практичні рекомендації, що сприяють удосконаленню напрямів інформаційно-комунікаційних технологій як головного мегатренду підготовки управлінської еліти інформаційного суспільства. (shrink)

Cogito, as the first principle of Descartes’ metaphysical system, initiated the modern philosophy of consciousness, becoming both the source and subject of modern Western philosophical discourse. The philosophies of Maine de Biran, Kant, Husserl, Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, and others developed by answering the following questions? Is consciousness substantial or not? Does consciousness require the guarantee of a transcendental subject? Is Cogito epistemological or ontological? Am I a being-for-myself or a being-for-others? Outlining the developmental history of the idea of Cogito from (...) Descartes to Sartre is important for totally comprehending the evolution and development of Western philosophy. (shrink)

As the third volume of a trilogy which also comprises The Insect Societies and Sociobiology, On Human Nature sets out to identify and to solve certain contemporary spiritual "dilemmas." According to Wilson, we have now clearly recognized that the intersection of the causality of natural selection with that of environmental necessity explains human nature. This awareness, he suggests, has brought us today to experience these three dilemmas: first, that the human species "lacks any goal external to its own biological nature"; (...) second, that "morality evolved as instinct"; and finally, that we will soon be able to control our own evolution through molecular engineering and cloning. For Wilson, human life has no transcendent source of meaning, of moral values, or of guidance for its own future evolution. Having offered this diagnosis of the human condition, Wilson prescribes replacing the old humanistic, religious, and Marxist mythologies with wholehearted assent to "the mythology of scientific materialism." Wilson's sociobiological version of scientific materialism has, he claims, the added power of being able to explain the old mythologies themselves as products of natural selection and cultural determinism. The minimum claims of the "evolutionary epic" are these. (shrink)

The authors investigate MacCormick and Weinberger's claim that the Institutional Theory of Law provides a conceptual framework for the study of legal phenomena from a socio-legal point of view. They evaluate this claim by confronting both the Institutional Theory of Law and Weinberger's theory of action with two approaches in socio-legal theory, i.e. the instrumentalist and the constitutive approach. The conclusion is that the Institutional Theory of Law lends itself to empirical research from an instrumentalist perspective, for both place the (...) concept `institution' in the context of law. Weinberger's theory of action may provide a basis for empirical research from a constitutive perspective. The authors make some suggestions for refinement of Weinberger's theory of action in order that the relation between institutions and action can be labeled dynamic. (shrink)